What Is pH and What Does It Measure

pH is a logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution pH -log[H] where log is the base 10 logarithm and [H] is the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter pH describes how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is, where a pH below 7 is acidic and a pH greater than 7 is basic. pH of 7 is considered neutral (e.g., pure water). Typically, values of pH range from 0 to 14, although very strong acids may have a negative pH, while very strong bases may have a pH exceeding 14. The term pH was first described by Danish biochemist SÃ ¸ren Peter Lauritz SÃ ¸rensen in 1909. pH is an abbreviation for power of hydrogen where p is short for the German word for power, potenz and H is the element symbol for hydrogen. Why pH Measurements Are Important Chemicals reactions in water are affected by the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. This is important not only in the chemistry lab, but in industry, cooking, and medicine. pH is carefully regulated in human cells and blood. The normal pH range for blood is between 7.35 and 7.45. Variation by even a tenth of a pH unit may be fatal. Soil pH is important for crop germination and growth. Acid rain caused by natural and man-made pollutants changes the acidity of soil and water, greatly affecting living organisms and other processes. In cooking, pH changes are used in baking and brewing. Since many reactions in everyday life are affected by pH, its useful to know how to calculate and measure it. How pH Is Measured There are multiple methods of measuring pH. The most common method is a pH meter, which involves a pH-sensitive electrode (usually made of glass) and a reference electrode.Acid-base indicators change color in response to different pH values. Litmus paper and pH paper are used for quick, relatively imprecise measurements. These are strips of paper that have been treated with an indicator.A colorimeter may be used to measure the pH of a sample. A vial is filled with a specimen and a reagent is added to produce a pH-dependent color change. The color is compared against a chart or standard to determine the pH value. Problems Measuring Extreme pH Extremely acidic and basic solutions may be encountered in laboratory situations. Mining is another example of a situation that may produce unusually acidic aqueous solutions. Special techniques must be used to measure extreme pH values below 2.5 and above around 10.5 because the Nernst law isnt accurate under these conditions when glass electrodes are used. Ionic strength variation affects electrode potentials. Special electrodes may be used, otherwise, its important to remember pH measurements wont be as accurate as those taken in ordinary solutions.

The Black Of The Tuskegee Institute - 852 Words

Black educators began to increase their involvement in political culture in Haiti through advocacy and education. American educators R.R. Moton and W.T.B Williams of the Tuskegee Institute sought more black involvement in U.S.-Haitian relations. Moton served as Booker T. Washington’s successor at the Tuskegee Institute. He felt a duty to continue Washington’s vision of industrial education for blacks and sought to extend the Tuskegee model into Haiti. He urged President Harding to include blacks on his â€Å"investigation body† declaring he could â€Å"suggest colored men who would in no way embarrass the administration.† Moton fell short; Harding did not appoint a black American to the body. However, Moton left an indelible mark on Washington. The Department of State invited Moton to an â€Å"independent trip to Haiti†, but he could not attend; Williams replaced him. In a confidential letter, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes discussed the prospect of Williams’ trip with General Russell, Hughes remarked that Williams needed the approval of President Borno to determine whether he would be an â€Å"acceptable† replacement for Moton, worthy of the Haitian government. Hughes continued and claimed â€Å"Haitians prefer a white man to a Negro for work in Haiti as the former has more influence and authority.† His confidential statement alluded to the lack of Black political presence in Haiti and the repudiation of Black political presence in Haiti. However, it also highlighted that the HardingShow MoreRelatedThe Dynamic Between Blacks And Blacks By Booker T. Washington Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesthe years to follow, the dynamic between blacks and whites evolved. , the dynamic between blac ks and southern whNewly free blacks began to seek opportunities forout education, employment, and other endeavors – opportunities that they could not access while enslaved. Meanwhile, southern whites struggled to come to terms with thea major alterationchange in the way that their homes, businesses, and lives were runoperated. With the roles of whites and blacks alteredreoriented, the ways in which theRead MoreEssay on A Liberal Arts versus Vocational Education767 Words   |  4 PagesArts versus Vocational Education In his book Black Leadership, Marable describes what we will refer to as the Tuskegee phenomenon, in which he asserts Booker T. Washington’s favoring of just this type of â€Å"quick fix† vocational education to be erroneous. Over the next few pages, I will examine Marable’s arguments and I will attempt to extend their application into society as we know it today. Marable describes the Tuskegee approach to black development as political â€Å"racial accommodation.†Read MoreAfrican Americans During The Tuskegee Experiment1226 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Tuskegee experiments, they wanted integration in the US military and had plenty of testimonies on the front, and while the soldiers were at war blacks at home seized the opportunity to utilize propaganda to reveal the ironies of fighting for democracy overseas when their rights on the home front were so restricted. One of the things that African American men did was participated in the Tuskegee experiment. The initial reason for participating was to have free health care. Many black leadersRead MoreUp From Slavery, by Booker T. Washington Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesBooker T. Washington was a young black male born into the shackles of Southern slavery. 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After a secondary education at Hampton Institute, he taught an upgraded school and experimentedRead MoreEssay on Booker T. Washington: Fighter for the Black Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesBooker T. Washington: Fighter for the Black Man Booker T. Washington was a man beyond words. His perseverance and will to work were well known throughout the United States. He rose from slavery, delivering speech after speech expressing his views on how to uplift Americas view of the Negro. He felt that knowledge was power, not just knowledge of books, but knowledge of agricultural and industrial trades. He felt that the Negro would rise to be an equal in American society through hard work.Read MoreEssay on tuskegee syphilis study1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an unethical prospective study based on the differences between white and black males that began in the 1930’s. 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Mergers Acquisitions and Corporate Restructurings †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Mergers Acquisitions and Corporate Restructurings. Answer: Introduction: It becomes obligatory for an analyst or the stakeholder of a company to analyze the position, stability and performance of the company in terms of finance. In this report, the performance of JB HI FI has been evaluated on the basis of the various tools and techniques. In this report, financial strength, performance, stability and profitability of the company has been evaluated. This report would brief the user about the performance of the company so that they could make a better decision about the company. Data of last 5 years has been analyzed to get better result. Mainly, the financial figures, stock price and the annual report of the company have been concerned for this report. The company, JB HI FI LIMITED carries out its functions and the operations into the entertainment and music industry. In 1974, this company has come into existence. John Barbuto was the co founder of this company and this company has been opened at East Keilor, Victoria. In addition, this company has registered its stocks into the Australian stock exchange to trade the securities of the company (Home, 2017). Currently, JB HI FI is recognized as the biggest firms of music and entertainment industry in the Australian market. The main products and services of this company are DV Movies, video games, music CDs, games etc. In this report, performance of the company has been evaluated so that the users could make a better decision about the company. Data of last 5 years has been analyzed to get better result. Annual report has been concerned to analyze the report in a better way. The term financial analysis depict about the analysis which is done over the financial figures and financial statement of a company to analyze the performance and the stability position of a company. Various tools are used by the financial analyst to identify the position and performance of the company (Dotson Hyatt, 2005). Ratio analysis, vertical analysis, horizontal analysis, debt analysis, equity analysis etc are the part of this analysis. Usually, this study is done to identify and evaluate the liquidity, stability and solvency position of a firm. For analyzing the financial performance of the company, ratio analysis study has been conducted: Financial analysiss main part is ratio analysis. Ratio analysis study depict about the various level of a company. This process depict about the liquidity, stability and solvency position of a firm (Du Girma, 2009). This study briefs the users about the financial performance of the company. Study of ratio analysis is as follows: The study of profitability ratios have been done to evaluate the position of the profit of the organization. Normally, these ratios are based over the financial matrices that could be used by the users to identify and evaluate the performance of the company on the basis of total expenses and the revenue of the company in a specified period. Various profitability ratios such as ROA (return on assets), ROE (return on equity), turnover of asset, earnings per share and financial leverage have been evaluated to classify the position of JB HI FI (FIRER et al, 2012). 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 Profitability Return on equity Net profit/revenues 0.0305615 0.0384421 0.0375137 0.0367394 0.03507 Return on assets Net profit/Equity 0.2014052 0.3753086 0.3994169 0.4338983 0.47737 Financial leverage EBIT / EBIT - Interest 1.0428016 1.0184332 1.0307692 1.0494505 1.05952 Asset turnover total assets / total sales *365 159.0876 91.665402 89.450986 90.097589 93.0154 Earnings per share Net income - pref div / shares outstanding 0.3917995 3.1020408 2.4035088 2.2068966 1.84127 According to the above calculations, it has been evaluated that the JB HI FIs financial position has became better from last few years. The performance of the company has become better due to the new strategies, polices and projects of the comapny (Annual report, 2017). The study of liquidity ratios have been done to evaluate the position of the stability of the organization. Normally, these ratios are based over the financial matrices that could be used by the users to identify and evaluate the obligation position of the company on the basis of total current assets and current liabilities on a particular date (Fulin, 2011). Various liquidity ratios such current ratios, cash ratios and quick ratios have been evaluated to identify the position of JB HI FI. Liquidity cash ratio cash equivalents + cash / current liabilities 0.0823928 0.1163311 0.1289474 0.1221591 0.15158 Current ratio Current assets/current liabilities 1.32 1.57 1.62 1.64 1.28 Quick Ratio Current assets-Inventory/current liabilities 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.31 Receivable turnover Receivables/ Total sales*365 29.31 36.02 33.03 30.13 27.71 Inventory turnover Inventory / cost of goods sold *365 71.37 64.52 61.26 61.03 59.57 According to the above calculations, it has been evaluated that the JB HI FIs financial position and the short term debt of the comapny has became lower from last few years. But the management of the working capital of the company is quite impressive. The position of the company has become better because of the industry position (Annual report, 2017). The study of solvency ratios has been done to evaluate the position of the debt and equity of the organization. Normally, these ratios are based over the ability of the company that could be used by the company to manage and identify the level of the optimal capital structure of the JB HI FI Limited (Gaughan, 2010). It helps the company and the top level management of the company to enhance the position of the company on the basis of total equity and total debt on a particular date. Various solvency ratios such current cash coverage ratios, debt equity ratios and times interest earned ratios have been evaluated to identify the position of JB HI FI. Solvency Times interest earned EBIT / Interest expenses 24.363636 55.25 33.5 21.222222 17.8 Cash coverage ratio EBIT + non cash expenses / interest expenses 269.00 222.00 202.00 192.00 179.00 Debt to Equity Ratio Debt/ Equity 1.87 1.45 1.61 1.92 2.47 According to the above calculations, it has been evaluated that the JB HI FIs solvency position and debt and equity relationship has became better from last few years. the management of cost and risk factor has also improved the performance of the company. Through these calculations, it has been analyzed that the performance of the company has become better (Morningstar, 2017). The study of market based ratios has been done to evaluate the position of the stock of the company in the market. Normally, these ratios are based over the current stock price, book price and the dividend offered by the comapny. It helps the investors and the financial analyst to make a better decision about the investment and divestment from the company. Various market based ratios such as dividend yield ratios and price / earnings ratios have been evaluated to identify the position of JB HI FI in the marketplace. Market based ratios Price / earnings ratio Market value per share / earnings per share 60.90 Dividend yield ratio dividend / current share price 4.99 According to the above calculations, it has been evaluated that the JB HI FIs market based position and dividend and sock price relationship has became better. The management of stock price and dividend has been done by the company in a better way through managing the supply and demand of the securities (Cravens and Piercy, 2006). Through these calculations, it has been analyzed that the performance of the company has become better (Corporate shareholders, 2017). According to the evaluation over the stability, position and profitability of the company, it has been evaluated that the JB HI FI is performing better in the industry. The profitability position, liquidity position, market position and the solvency position of the company is in the favour of the company and thus the return provided by the company would also be better (Lacalle, 2017). Thus this depict that it is a good choice for the investors to invest into the company to enhance the level of the invested amount. The investor could invest for long and short term as well in the comapny to get a better result (Dean Yunus, 2001). Conclusion: To conclude, JB HI FI is the biggest company in the industry. This company is the leader of the industry and falls under FTSE 100. The performance of JB HI FI has been evaluated on the basis of the various tools and techniques for this report. Financial strength, performance, stability and profitability of the company have been evaluated to reach over a conclusion about the investment and divestment. Data of last 5 years has been analyzed to get better result. Mainly, the financial figures, stock price and the annual report of the company have been concerned for this report. The report concludes that it is a better choice for the investors to invest into this company for long and short term as well in the comapny to get a better result. Thus this depict that it is a good choice for the investors to invest into the company to enhance the level of the invested amount. References: Annual Report. (2013). JB HI FIltd. Retrieved from https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/J/ASX_JBH_2013.pdf as on 27th Oct 017 Annual Report. (2017). JB HI FI ltd. Retrieved from https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/J/ASX_JBH_2017.pdf as on 27th Oct 017 Cravens, D.W. and Piercy, N., (2006). Strategic marketing (Vol. 7). New York: McGraw-Hill. Dean, E. Yunus, K. (2001). An overview of strategic alliances. Management Decision, Vol. 39 Iss 3 pp. (205 (218. Dotson, M.J. and Hyatt, E.M., (2005). Major influence factors in children's consumer socialization. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(1), pp.35-42. Du, J. and Girma, S., (2009). Source of finance, growth and firm size: evidence from China (No. (2009.03). Research paper/UNU-WIDER. FIRER, C. et al. (2012). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. 5th Edition.Berkshire.McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Fulin, S. (2011). Preface by SHANG Fulin. Corporate Governance of Listed Companies in China, 9-10. Gaughan, PA. (2010).Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Restructurings. John Wiley Sons. JB HI FI. (2017). Corporate shareholders. Retrieved from https://www.jbhifi.com.au/General/Corporate/Shareholder-Matters/Financial-Annual-Reports/ as on 27th Oct 017 JB HI FI. (2017). Home. Retrieved from https://www.jbhifi.com.au/General/Corporate/Consumer-Matters/About-Us/ as on 27th Oct 017 Lacalle, D., (2017), Credit?rating agencies.Life in the Financial Markets: How they really work and why they matter to you, pp.95-98. Morningstar. 2017. JB HI FI. Retrieved from https://financials.morningstar.com/cash-flow/cf.html?t=JBHregion=ausculture=en-US as on 27th Oct 2017